| Introduction | p. xiii |
| Firewall Planning and Design | p. 1 |
| Misconceptions About Firewalls | p. 2 |
| What Is a Security Policy? | p. 3 |
| What Is a Firewall? | p. 3 |
| An Analogy: Security Guard Sam | p. 4 |
| Firewalls Provide Security Features | p. 5 |
| Firewalls Provide Protection for Individual Users | p. 5 |
| Firewalls Provide Perimeter Security for Networks | p. 6 |
| Firewalls Consist of Multiple Components | p. 8 |
| Firewalls Confront Many Threats and Perform Many Security Tasks | p. 8 |
| Types of Firewall Protection | p. 14 |
| Multilayer Firewall Protection | p. 14 |
| Packet Filtering | p. 14 |
| NAT | p. 18 |
| Application Layer Gateways | p. 19 |
| Limitations of Firewalls | p. 20 |
| Evaluating Firewall Packages | p. 21 |
| Firewall Hardware | p. 21 |
| Software-Only Packages | p. 22 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 24 |
| Key Terms | p. 25 |
| Review Questions | p. 28 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 31 |
| Case Projects | p. 35 |
| Developing a Security Policy | p. 37 |
| What Is a Security Policy? | p. 38 |
| Why Is a Security Policy Important? | p. 39 |
| Setting Goals for an Effective Security Policy | p. 40 |
| The Seven Steps to Building a Security Policy | p. 41 |
| Developing a Policy Team | p. 41 |
| Determining the Organization's Overall Approach to Security | p. 41 |
| Identifying the Assets To Be Protected | p. 43 |
| Determining What Should Be Audited for Security | p. 45 |
| Identifying Security Risks | p. 47 |
| Defining Acceptable Use | p. 47 |
| Providing for Remote Access | p. 48 |
| Accounting for What the Firewall Cannot Do | p. 49 |
| Other Security Policy Topics | p. 49 |
| Defining Responses to Security Violations | p. 50 |
| Overcoming Administrative Obstacles | p. 50 |
| Educating Employees | p. 51 |
| Presenting and Reviewing the Process | p. 52 |
| Amending the Security Policy | p. 52 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 52 |
| Key Terms | p. 53 |
| Review Questions | p. 53 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 56 |
| Case Projects | p. 60 |
| Firewall Configuration Strategies | p. 61 |
| Establishing Rules and Restrictions for Your Firewall | p. 62 |
| The Role of the Rules File | p. 62 |
| Restrictive Firewalls | p. 63 |
| Connectivity-Based Firewalls | p. 64 |
| Firewall Configuration Strategies: The 10,000-Foot Overview | p. 65 |
| Scalability | p. 65 |
| Productivity | p. 65 |
| Dealing with IP Address Issues | p. 66 |
| Different Firewall Configuration Strategies You Can Use | p. 67 |
| Screening Router | p. 69 |
| Dual-Homed Host | p. 71 |
| Screened Host | p. 71 |
| Two Routers, One Firewall | p. 72 |
| DMZ Screened Subnet | p. 73 |
| Multiple-Firewall DMZs | p. 76 |
| Reverse Firewalls | p. 83 |
| Specialty Firewalls | p. 83 |
| Approaches that Add Functionality to Your Firewall | p. 83 |
| NAT | p. 84 |
| Encryption | p. 85 |
| Application Proxies | p. 85 |
| VPNs | p. 87 |
| Intrusion Detection Systems | p. 87 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 90 |
| Key Terms | p. 90 |
| Review Questions | p. 92 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 95 |
| Case Projects | p. 99 |
| Packet Filtering | p. 101 |
| Understanding Packets and Packet Filtering | p. 102 |
| Devices That Perform Packet Filtering | p. 102 |
| Anatomy of a Packet | p. 103 |
| A Quick Tutorial on Packet Filtering | p. 106 |
| The Use of Rules | p. 106 |
| Approaches to Packet Filtering | p. 108 |
| Stateless Packet Filtering | p. 108 |
| Stateful Packet Filtering | p. 114 |
| Filtering Based on Packet Contents | p. 116 |
| Setting Specific Packet Filter Rules | p. 117 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Cover Multiple Variations | p. 117 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Cover ICMP | p. 118 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Block Ping Packets | p. 118 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Enable Web Access | p. 120 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Enable DNS | p. 120 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Enable FTP | p. 121 |
| Packet Filter Rules That Enable E-Mail | p. 122 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 123 |
| Key Terms | p. 124 |
| Review Questions | p. 125 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 128 |
| Case Projects | p. 132 |
| Working with Proxy Servers and Application-Level Firewalls | p. 135 |
| Overview of Proxy Servers | p. 136 |
| The Proxy Analogy | p. 136 |
| How Proxy Servers Work | p. 136 |
| How Proxy Servers Differ From Packet Filters | p. 138 |
| Sample Proxy Server Configurations | p. 138 |
| Goals of Proxy Servers | p. 140 |
| Concealing Internal Clients | p. 140 |
| Blocking URLs | p. 142 |
| Blocking and Filtering Content | p. 143 |
| E-Mail Proxy Protection | p. 143 |
| Improving Performance | p. 144 |
| Ensuring Security | p. 145 |
| Providing User Authentication | p. 146 |
| Redirecting URLs | p. 146 |
| Proxy Server Configuration Considerations | p. 146 |
| Providing for Scalability | p. 147 |
| Working with Client Configurations | p. 147 |
| Working with Service Configurations | p. 148 |
| Creating Filter Rules | p. 149 |
| Recognizing the Single Point of Failure | p. 149 |
| Recognizing Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities | p. 150 |
| Choosing a Proxy Server | p. 150 |
| Transparent Proxies | p. 150 |
| Nontransparent Proxies | p. 151 |
| SOCKS-Based Proxies | p. 151 |
| Proxy Server-Based Firewalls Compared | p. 153 |
| T.REX Open-Source Firewall | p. 153 |
| Squid | p. 153 |
| WinGate | p. 153 |
| Symantec Enterprise Firewall | p. 154 |
| Microsoft Internet Security & Acceleration Server | p. 154 |
| Reverse Proxies | p. 155 |
| When a Proxy Service Isn't the Correct Choice | p. 157 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 157 |
| Key Terms | p. 158 |
| Review Questions | p. 159 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 162 |
| Case Projects | p. 169 |
| Authenticating Users | p. 171 |
| The Authentication Process in General | p. 172 |
| How Firewalls Implement the Authentication Process | p. 173 |
| Types of Authentication with Firewalls | p. 174 |
| User Authentication | p. 175 |
| Client Authentication | p. 176 |
| Session Authentication | p. 177 |
| Centralized Authentication | p. 178 |
| Kerberos Authentication | p. 179 |
| TACACS+ | p. 180 |
| Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) | p. 181 |
| TACACS+ and RADIUS Compared | p. 181 |
| Password Security Issues | p. 183 |
| Passwords That Can Be Cracked | p. 183 |
| User Error with Passwords | p. 184 |
| Lax Security Habits | p. 184 |
| Password Security Tools | p. 184 |
| One-Time Password Software | p. 184 |
| The Shadow Password System | p. 185 |
| Other Authentication Systems | p. 185 |
| Single-Password Systems | p. 186 |
| One-Time Password Systems | p. 186 |
| Certificate-Based Authentication | p. 187 |
| 802.1x Wi-Fi Authentication | p. 187 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 189 |
| Key Terms | p. 190 |
| Review Questions | p. 192 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 194 |
| Case Projects | p. 200 |
| Encryption and Firewalls | p. 203 |
| Why Your Firewalls Need To Use Encryption | p. 204 |
| Hackers Take Advantage of a Lack of Encryption | p. 204 |
| The Cost of Encryption | p. 205 |
| Preserving Data Integrity | p. 206 |
| Maintaining Confidentiality | p. 206 |
| Authenticating Network Clients | p. 207 |
| Enabling VPNs | p. 207 |
| Digital Certificates and Public and Private Keys | p. 207 |
| Digital Certificates | p. 208 |
| Keys | p. 210 |
| Analyzing Popular Encryption Schemes | p. 216 |
| Symmetric Versus Asymmetric Encryption | p. 216 |
| PGP | p. 218 |
| X.509 | p. 219 |
| X.509 and PGP Compared | p. 220 |
| SSL | p. 221 |
| Using IPSec Encryption | p. 221 |
| Understanding IPSec | p. 222 |
| Modes of IPSec | p. 222 |
| IPSec Protocols | p. 223 |
| Components of IPSec | p. 225 |
| Enabling IPSec | p. 225 |
| Limitations of IPSec | p. 227 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 228 |
| Key Terms | p. 228 |
| Review Questions | p. 231 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 234 |
| Case Projects | p. 241 |
| Choosing a Bastion Host | p. 243 |
| Installing a Bastion Host: General Requirements | p. 244 |
| Selecting the Host Machine | p. 245 |
| Do You Need More Than One Machine? | p. 245 |
| Memory Considerations | p. 246 |
| Processor Speed | p. 246 |
| Choosing the Operating System | p. 247 |
| Positioning the Bastion Host | p. 248 |
| Physical Location | p. 248 |
| Network Location | p. 250 |
| Securing the Machine Itself | p. 252 |
| Configuring Your Bastion Host | p. 254 |
| Making the Host Defend Itself | p. 254 |
| Selecting Services To Be Provided | p. 255 |
| Special Considerations for UNIX Systems | p. 255 |
| Special Considerations for Windows Systems | p. 256 |
| Disabling Accounts | p. 257 |
| Disabling Unnecessary Services | p. 257 |
| Limiting Ports | p. 258 |
| Handling Backups | p. 259 |
| Auditing the Bastion Host | p. 260 |
| Connecting the Bastion Host | p. 260 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 261 |
| Key Terms | p. 262 |
| Review Questions | p. 263 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 266 |
| Case Projects | p. 274 |
| Setting Up a Virtual Private Network | p. 277 |
| VPN Components and Operations | p. 278 |
| Components Within VPNs | p. 278 |
| Essential Activities of VPNs | p. 282 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of VPNs | p. 284 |
| VPNs Extend a Network's Boundaries | p. 285 |
| Types of VPNs | p. 286 |
| VPN Appliances | p. 286 |
| Software VPN Systems | p. 287 |
| VPN Combinations of Hardware and Software | p. 288 |
| VPN Combinations of Different Vendors' Products | p. 289 |
| VPN Setups | p. 289 |
| Mesh Configuration | p. 289 |
| Hub-and-Spoke Configuration | p. 291 |
| Hybrid Configuration | p. 292 |
| Configurations and Extranet and Intranet Access | p. 292 |
| Tunneling Protocols Used with VPNs | p. 293 |
| IPSec/IKE | p. 294 |
| PPTP | p. 295 |
| L2TP | p. 295 |
| PPP Over SSL/PPP Over SSH | p. 295 |
| Enabling Remote Access Connections Within VPNs | p. 296 |
| Configuring the Server | p. 297 |
| Configuring Clients | p. 298 |
| VPN Best Practices | p. 298 |
| The Need for a VPN Policy | p. 299 |
| Packet Filtering and VPNs | p. 299 |
| Auditing and Testing the VPN | p. 302 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 303 |
| Key Terms | p. 305 |
| Review Questions | p. 306 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 310 |
| Case Projects | p. 318 |
| Building Your Own Firewall | p. 319 |
| Enterprise Versus Desktop Firewalls | p. 320 |
| Desktop Firewalls | p. 322 |
| Tiny Personal Firewall | p. 322 |
| Sygate Firewalls | p. 327 |
| ZoneAlarm Firewalls | p. 331 |
| Enterprise Firewalls | p. 335 |
| Linksys | p. 336 |
| Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server 2000 | p. 337 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 341 |
| Key Terms | p. 342 |
| Review Questions | p. 343 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 346 |
| Case Projects | p. 355 |
| Ongoing Administration | p. 357 |
| Making Your Firewall Meet New Needs | p. 358 |
| Verifying Resources Needed by the Firewall | p. 358 |
| Identifying New Risks | p. 360 |
| Adding Software Updates and Patches | p. 361 |
| Adding Hardware | p. 362 |
| Dealing with Complexity on the Network | p. 363 |
| Adhering to Proven Security Principles | p. 364 |
| Environmental Management | p. 364 |
| BIOS, Boot, and Screen Locks | p. 365 |
| Using Remote Management Interface | p. 366 |
| Why Remote Management Tools Are Important | p. 367 |
| Security Concerns with Remote Management Tools | p. 367 |
| Basic Features Required of Remote Management Tools | p. 367 |
| Tracking the Contents of Log Files for Security | p. 368 |
| Preparing Usage Reports | p. 368 |
| Watching for Suspicious Events | p. 369 |
| Automating Security Checks | p. 372 |
| Security Breaches Will Happen! | p. 373 |
| Using an Intrusion Detection System | p. 373 |
| Receiving Security Alerts | p. 375 |
| When an Intrusion Occurs | p. 375 |
| During and After an Intrusion | p. 375 |
| Configuring Advanced Firewall Functions | p. 376 |
| Data Caching | p. 376 |
| Hot Standby Redundancy | p. 377 |
| Load Balancing | p. 378 |
| Filtering Content | p. 380 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 381 |
| Key Terms | p. 382 |
| Review Questions | p. 384 |
| Hands-on Projects | p. 387 |
| Case Projects | p. 391 |
| Security Resources | p. 393 |
| Security-Related Web Sites | p. 394 |
| The Center for Internet Security (www.cisecurity.org/) | p. 394 |
| SANS Institute (www.sans.org) | p. 394 |
| The Cert Coordination Center (www.cert.org) | p. 394 |
| W3C Security Resources (www.w3.org/security) | p. 394 |
| Microsoft Security and Privacy (www.microsoft.com/security) | p. 395 |
| Anti-Virus Sites | p. 395 |
| Symantec Security Response (http://securityresponse.symantec.com) | p. 395 |
| McAfee.com--Anti-Virus (www.mcafee.com) | p. 395 |
| Free Online Security Scanners | p. 395 |
| Shields UP! Port Scanner (https://grc.com/x/ne.dll?bhObkyd2) | p. 395 |
| Broadbandreports.com | p. 396 |
| Incident Response Sites | p. 396 |
| Incidents.org (www.incidents.org) | p. 396 |
| FIRST (www.first.org) | p. 396 |
| Internet Fraud Complaint Center (http://www1.ifccfbi.gov/index.asp) | p. 396 |
| Security Certification Sites | p. 397 |
| CompTIA Certification Home Page (www.comptia.org/certification/index.htm) | p. 397 |
| Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC) (www.giac.org) | p. 397 |
| (ISC)[superscript 2] (www.isc2.org) | p. 397 |
| Background Information on Security Topics | p. 397 |
| SANS Reading Room (http://rr.sans.org) | p. 397 |
| SearchSecurity.com (http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/) | p. 398 |
| Internet Firewalls FAQ (www.interhack.net/pubs/fwfaq/) | p. 398 |
| Newsletters, Newsgroups, and Mailing Lists | p. 398 |
| The Newsgroup (comp.security.firewalls) | p. 398 |
| FIRST membership Mailing Lists (www.first.org/docs/mail.html) | p. 398 |
| SANS Newsletters (http://server2.sans.org/sansnews) | p. 398 |
| CNET Newsletters (http://nl.com.com/general.jsp) | p. 399 |
| Glossary | p. 401 |
| Index | p. 413 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |