| Preface | p. xiii |
| Foundations | |
| Models and Concepts of Life and Intelligence | p. 3 |
| The Mechanics of Life and Thought | p. 4 |
| Stochastic Adaptation: Is Anything Ever Really Random? | p. 9 |
| The "Two Great Stochastic Systems" | p. 12 |
| The Game of Life: Emergence in Complex Systems | p. 16 |
| The Game of Life | p. 17 |
| Emergence | p. 18 |
| Cellular Automata and the Edge of Chaos | p. 20 |
| Artificial Life in Computer Programs | p. 26 |
| Intelligence: Good Minds in People and Machines | p. 30 |
| Intelligence in People: The Boring Criterion | p. 30 |
| Intelligence in Machines: The Turing Criterion | p. 32 |
| Symbols, Connections, and Optimization by Trial and Error | p. 35 |
| Symbols in Trees and Networks | p. 36 |
| Problem Solving and Optimization | p. 48 |
| A Super-Simple Optimization Problem | p. 49 |
| Three Spaces of Optimization | p. 51 |
| Fitness Landscapes | p. 52 |
| High-Dimensional Cognitive Space and Word Meanings | p. 55 |
| Two Factors of Complexity: NK Landscapes | p. 60 |
| Combinatorial Optimization | p. 64 |
| Binary Optimization | p. 67 |
| Random and Greedy Searches | p. 71 |
| Hill Climbing | p. 72 |
| Simulated Annealing | p. 73 |
| Binary and Gray Coding | p. 74 |
| Step Sizes and Granularity | p. 75 |
| Optimizing with Real Numbers | p. 77 |
| Summary | p. 78 |
| On Our Nonexistence as Entities: The Social Organism | p. 81 |
| Views of Evolution | p. 82 |
| Gaia: The Living Earth | p. 83 |
| Differential Selection | p. 86 |
| Our Microscopic Masters? | p. 91 |
| Looking for the Right Zoom Angle | p. 92 |
| Flocks, Herds, Schools, and Swarms: Social Behavior as Optimization | p. 94 |
| Accomplishments of the Social Insects | p. 98 |
| Optimizing with Simulated Ants: Computational Swarm Intelligence | p. 105 |
| Staying Together but Not Colliding: Flocks, Herds, and Schools | p. 109 |
| Robot Societies | p. 115 |
| Shallow Understanding | p. 125 |
| Agency | p. 129 |
| Summary | p. 131 |
| Evolutionary Computation Theory and Paradigms | p. 133 |
| Introduction | p. 134 |
| Evolutionary Computation History | p. 134 |
| The Four Areas of Evolutionary Computation | p. 135 |
| Genetic Algorithms | p. 135 |
| Evolutionary Programming | p. 139 |
| Evolution Strategies | p. 140 |
| Genetic Programming | p. 141 |
| Toward Unification | p. 141 |
| Evolutionary Computation Overview | p. 142 |
| EC Paradigm Attributes | p. 142 |
| Implementation | p. 143 |
| Genetic Algorithms | p. 146 |
| An Overview | p. 146 |
| A Simple GA Example Problem | p. 147 |
| A Review of GA Operations | p. 152 |
| Schemata and the Schema Theorem | p. 159 |
| Final Comments on Genetic Algorithms | p. 163 |
| Evolutionary Programming | p. 164 |
| The Evolutionary Programming Procedure | p. 165 |
| Finite State Machine Evolution | p. 166 |
| Function Optimization | p. 169 |
| Final Comments | p. 171 |
| Evolution Strategies | p. 172 |
| Mutation | p. 172 |
| Recombination | p. 174 |
| Selection | p. 175 |
| Genetic Programming | p. 179 |
| Summary | p. 185 |
| Humans--Actual, Imagined, and Implied | p. 187 |
| Studying Minds | p. 188 |
| The Fall of the Behaviorist Empire | p. 193 |
| The Cognitive Revolution | p. 195 |
| Bandura's Social Learning Paradigm | p. 197 |
| Social Psychology | p. 199 |
| Lewin's Field Theory | p. 200 |
| Norms, Conformity, and Social Influence | p. 202 |
| Sociocognition | p. 205 |
| Simulating Social Influence | p. 206 |
| Paradigm Shifts in Cognitive Science | p. 210 |
| The Evolution of Cooperation | p. 214 |
| Explanatory Coherence | p. 216 |
| Networks in Groups | p. 218 |
| Culture in Theory and Practice | p. 220 |
| Coordination Games | p. 223 |
| The El Farol Problem | p. 226 |
| Sugarscape | p. 229 |
| Tesfatsion's ACE | p. 232 |
| Picker's Competing-Norms Model | p. 233 |
| Latane's Dynamic Social Impact Theory | p. 235 |
| Boyd and Richerson's Evolutionary Culture Model | p. 240 |
| Memetics | p. 245 |
| Memetic Algorithms | p. 248 |
| Cultural Algorithms | p. 253 |
| Convergence of Basic and Applied Research | p. 254 |
| Culture--and Life without It | p. 255 |
| Summary | p. 258 |
| Thinking Is Social | p. 261 |
| Introduction | p. 262 |
| Adaptation on Three Levels | p. 263 |
| The Adaptive Culture Model | p. 263 |
| Axelrod's Culture Model | p. 265 |
| Similarity in Axelrod's Model | p. 267 |
| Optimization of an Arbitrary Function | p. 268 |
| A Slightly Harder and More Interesting Function | p. 269 |
| A Hard Function | p. 271 |
| Parallel Constraint Satisfaction | p. 273 |
| Symbol Processing | p. 279 |
| Discussion | p. 282 |
| Summary | p. 284 |
| The Particle Swarm and Collective Intelligence | |
| The Particle Swarm | p. 287 |
| Sociocognitive Underpinnings: Evaluate, Compare, and Imitate | p. 288 |
| Evaluate | p. 288 |
| Compare | p. 288 |
| Imitate | p. 289 |
| A Model of Binary Decision | p. 289 |
| Testing the Binary Algorithm with the De Jong Test Suite | p. 297 |
| No Free Lunch | p. 299 |
| Multimodality | p. 302 |
| Minds as Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Networks in Cultures | p. 307 |
| The Particle Swarm in Continuous Numbers | p. 309 |
| The Particle Swarm in Real-Number Space | p. 309 |
| Pseudocode for Particle Swarm Optimization in Continuous Numbers | p. 313 |
| Implementation Issues | p. 314 |
| An Example: Particle Swarm Optimization of Neural Net Weights | p. 314 |
| A Real-World Application | p. 318 |
| The Hybrid Particle Swarm | p. 319 |
| Science as Collaborative Search | p. 320 |
| Emergent Culture, Immergent Intelligence | p. 323 |
| Summary | p. 324 |
| Variations and Comparisons | p. 327 |
| Variations of the Particle Swarm Paradigm | p. 328 |
| Parameter Selection | p. 328 |
| Controlling the Explosion | p. 337 |
| Particle Interactions | p. 342 |
| Neighborhood Topology | p. 343 |
| Substituting Cluster Centers for Previous Bests | p. 347 |
| Adding Selection to Particle Swarms | p. 353 |
| Comparing Inertia Weights and Constriction Factors | p. 354 |
| Asymmetric Initialization | p. 357 |
| Some Thoughts on Variations | p. 359 |
| Are Particle Swarms Really a Kind of Evolutionary Algorithm? | p. 361 |
| Evolution beyond Darwin | p. 362 |
| Selection and Self-Organization | p. 363 |
| Ergodicity: Where Can It Get from Here? | p. 366 |
| Convergence of Evolutionary Computation and Particle Swarms | p. 367 |
| Summary | p. 368 |
| Applications | p. 369 |
| Evolving Neural Networks with Particle Swarms | p. 370 |
| Review of Previous Work | p. 370 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Previous Approaches | p. 374 |
| The Particle Swarm Optimization Implementation Used Here | p. 376 |
| Implementing Neural Network Evolution | p. 377 |
| An Example Application | p. 379 |
| Conclusions | p. 381 |
| Human Tremor Analysis | p. 382 |
| Data Acquisition Using Actigraphy | p. 383 |
| Data Preprocessing | p. 385 |
| Analysis with Particle Swarm Optimization | p. 386 |
| Summary | p. 389 |
| Other Applications | p. 389 |
| Computer Numerically Controlled Milling Optimization | p. 389 |
| Ingredient Mix Optimization | p. 391 |
| Reactive Power and Voltage Control | p. 391 |
| Battery Pack State-of-Charge Estimation | p. 391 |
| Summary | p. 392 |
| Implications and Speculations | p. 393 |
| Introduction | p. 394 |
| Assertions | p. 395 |
| Up from Social Learning: Bandura | p. 398 |
| Information and Motivation | p. 399 |
| Vicarious versus Direct Experience | p. 399 |
| The Spread of Influence | p. 400 |
| Machine Adaptation | p. 401 |
| Learning or Adaptation? | p. 402 |
| Cellular Automata | p. 403 |
| Down from Culture | p. 405 |
| Soft Computing | p. 408 |
| Interaction within Small Groups: Group Polarization | p. 409 |
| Informational and Normative Social Influence | p. 411 |
| Self-Esteem | p. 412 |
| Self-Attribution and Social Illusion | p. 414 |
| Summary | p. 419 |
| And in Conclusion... | p. 421 |
| Statistics for Swarmers | p. 429 |
| Genetic Algorithm Implementation | p. 451 |
| Glossary | p. 457 |
| References | p. 475 |
| Index | p. 497 |
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