| Preface | p. xiv |
| Security Overview | p. 1 |
| Understanding Network Security | p. 2 |
| Security Threats | p. 3 |
| Integrity | p. 4 |
| Confidentiality | p. 4 |
| Availability | p. 4 |
| Security Ramifications: Costs of Intrusion | p. 5 |
| Technology Weaknesses | p. 5 |
| Configuration Weaknesses | p. 6 |
| Policy Weaknesses | p. 6 |
| Human Error | p. 7 |
| Goals of Network Security | p. 8 |
| Eliminating Theft | p. 8 |
| Determining Authentication | p. 8 |
| Identifying Assumptions | p. 8 |
| Controlling Secrets | p. 8 |
| Creating a Secure Network Strategy | p. 9 |
| Human Factors | p. 9 |
| Knowing Your Weaknesses | p. 9 |
| Limiting Access | p. 9 |
| Achieving Security through Persistence | p. 10 |
| Remembering Physical Security | p. 10 |
| Perimeter Security | p. 10 |
| Firewalls | p. 10 |
| Web and File Servers | p. 10 |
| Access Control | p. 11 |
| Change Management | p. 11 |
| Encryption | p. 11 |
| Intrusion Detection Systems | p. 12 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 12 |
| Key Terms | p. 12 |
| Review Questions | p. 13 |
| Authentication | p. 17 |
| Usernames and Passwords | p. 18 |
| Strong Password Creation Techniques | p. 19 |
| Techniques to Use Multiple Passwords | p. 20 |
| Storing Passwords | p. 20 |
| Kerberos | p. 20 |
| Kerberos Assumptions | p. 21 |
| Kerberos Authentication Process | p. 21 |
| Using Kerberos in Very Large Network Systems | p. 24 |
| Security Weaknesses of Kerberos | p. 25 |
| Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol | p. 25 |
| The CHAP Challenge-and-Response Sequence | p. 25 |
| CHAP Security Issues | p. 26 |
| Mutual Authentication | p. 27 |
| Digital Certificates | p. 27 |
| Electronic Encryption and Decryption Concepts | p. 27 |
| How Much Trust Should One Place in a CA? | p. 29 |
| Security Tokens | p. 30 |
| Passive Tokens | p. 30 |
| Active Tokens | p. 31 |
| One-time Passwords | p. 31 |
| Biometrics | p. 32 |
| How a Biometric Authentication System Works | p. 32 |
| False Positives and False Negatives | p. 33 |
| Different Kinds of Biometrics | p. 34 |
| General Trends in Biometrics | p. 38 |
| Multi-Factor Authentication | p. 39 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 39 |
| Key Terms | p. 40 |
| Review Questions | p. 42 |
| Attacks and Malicious Code | p. 47 |
| Denial-of-Service Attacks | p. 48 |
| SYN Flood | p. 49 |
| Smurf | p. 52 |
| IP Fragmentation Attacks: Ping of Death | p. 53 |
| Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks | p. 55 |
| Setting Up DDoS Attacks | p. 55 |
| Conducting DDoS Attacks | p. 56 |
| DDoS Countermeasures | p. 57 |
| Spoofing | p. 60 |
| IP Address Spoofing | p. 60 |
| ARP Poisoning | p. 62 |
| Web Spoofing | p. 62 |
| DNS Spoofing | p. 64 |
| Man in the Middle | p. 64 |
| Replays | p. 66 |
| TCP Session Hijacking | p. 67 |
| Social Engineering | p. 69 |
| Dumpster Diving | p. 70 |
| Online Attacks | p. 70 |
| Social Engineering Countermeasures | p. 70 |
| Attacks against Encrypted Data | p. 71 |
| Weak Keys | p. 71 |
| Mathematical Attacks | p. 71 |
| Birthday Attack | p. 72 |
| Password Guessing | p. 72 |
| Brute Force | p. 73 |
| Dictionary | p. 74 |
| Software Exploitation | p. 74 |
| Malicious Software | p. 75 |
| Backdoor | p. 79 |
| Logic Bombs | p. 83 |
| Worms | p. 83 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 84 |
| Key Terms | p. 85 |
| Review Questions | p. 87 |
| Remote Access | p. 91 |
| IEEE 802.1x | p. 92 |
| Telnet | p. 93 |
| Virtual Private Networks | p. 94 |
| VPN Options | p. 95 |
| VPN Drawbacks | p. 96 |
| Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service | p. 96 |
| Authenticating with a RADIUS Server | p. 97 |
| Terminal Access Controller Access Control System | p. 99 |
| Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol | p. 101 |
Layer 2. Tunneling Protocol | p. 102 |
| Secure Shell | p. 102 |
| IP Security Protocol | p. 103 |
| ESP and Encryption Models | p. 105 |
| Telecommuting Vulnerabilities | p. 106 |
| Remote Solutions | p. 110 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 110 |
| Key Terms | p. 111 |
| Review Questions | p. 112 |
| E-mail | p. 117 |
| Secure E-mail and Encryption | p. 118 |
| Encryption | p. 119 |
| Hash Functions | p. 120 |
| Digital Signatures | p. 120 |
| Digital Certificates | p. 121 |
| Combining Encryption Methods | p. 122 |
| How Secure E-mail Works | p. 123 |
| Background on PGP | p. 126 |
| PGP Certificates | p. 126 |
| S/MIME | p. 127 |
| Background on S/MIME | p. 127 |
| S/MIME Encryption Algorithms | p. 127 |
| X.509 Certificates | p. 128 |
| S/MIME Trust Model: Certificate Authorities | p. 129 |
| Differences between PGP and S/MIME | p. 129 |
| E-mail Vulnerabilities | p. 131 |
| Spam | p. 132 |
| E-mail Spam | p. 132 |
| Hoaxes and Chain Letters | p. 133 |
| Countermeasures for Hoaxes | p. 135 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 136 |
| Key Terms | p. 136 |
| Review Questions | p. 138 |
| Web Security | p. 143 |
| SSL and TLS | p. 144 |
| HTTPS | p. 146 |
| Instant Messaging | p. 147 |
| IM Security Issues | p. 147 |
| Vulnerabilities of Web Tools | p. 149 |
| JavaScript | p. 149 |
| ActiveX | p. 150 |
| Buffer Overflows | p. 151 |
| Cookies | p. 152 |
| Signed Applets | p. 153 |
| CGI | p. 154 |
| SMTP Relay | p. 156 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 158 |
| Key Terms | p. 159 |
| Review Questions | p. 160 |
| Directory and File Transfer Services | p. 165 |
| Directory Services | p. 166 |
| LDAP | p. 166 |
| LDAP Operations | p. 168 |
| LDAP Framework | p. 169 |
| LDAP Security Benefits | p. 170 |
| LDAP Security Vulnerabilities | p. 171 |
| File Transfer Services | p. 172 |
| FTP | p. 172 |
| FTP Security Issues | p. 175 |
| Secure File Transfers | p. 178 |
| File Sharing | p. 179 |
| Protecting Your File Shares | p. 181 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 181 |
| Key Terms | p. 182 |
| Review Questions | p. 183 |
| Wireless and Instant Messaging | p. 187 |
| The Alphabet Soup of 802.11 | p. 188 |
| 802.11a | p. 188 |
| 802.11b | p. 189 |
| 802.11c | p. 189 |
| 802.11d | p. 189 |
| 802.11e | p. 190 |
| 802.11f | p. 190 |
| 802.11g | p. 190 |
| 802.11h | p. 190 |
| 802.11i | p. 190 |
| 802.11j | p. 191 |
| WAP 1.x and WAP 2.0 | p. 192 |
| How WAP 1.x Works | p. 193 |
| The WAP 2.0 Stack | p. 196 |
| The Wireless Transport Layer Security Protocol | p. 198 |
| Wired Equivalent Privacy | p. 200 |
| How WEP Works | p. 201 |
| WEP's Weaknesses | p. 201 |
| Conducting a Wireless Site Survey | p. 203 |
| Conducting a Needs Assessment of the Network Users | p. 203 |
| Obtaining a Copy of the Site's Blueprints | p. 204 |
| Doing a Walk-Through of the Site | p. 204 |
| Identifying Possible Access Point Locations | p. 204 |
| Verifying Access Point Locations | p. 205 |
| Documenting Your Findings | p. 205 |
| Instant Messaging | p. 206 |
| A Definition of IM | p. 206 |
| Lack of Default Encryption Enables Packet Sniffing | p. 206 |
| Social Engineering Overcomes Even Encryption | p. 207 |
| Technical Issues Surrounding IM | p. 207 |
| Legal Issues Surrounding IM | p. 207 |
| Blocking IM | p. 208 |
| Cellular Phone SMS | p. 208 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 208 |
| Key Terms | p. 208 |
| Review Questions | p. 211 |
| Devices | p. 215 |
| Firewalls | p. 216 |
| Drafting a Security Policy | p. 216 |
| Designing the Firewall to Implement the Policy | p. 218 |
| What do Firewalls Protect Against? | p. 218 |
| How Do Firewalls Work? | p. 218 |
| Routers | p. 221 |
| How a Router Moves Information | p. 221 |
| Beyond the Firewall | p. 222 |
| The OSI Stack | p. 225 |
| Limitations of Packet-Filtering Routers | p. 226 |
| Switches | p. 226 |
| Switch Security | p. 227 |
| Wireless | p. 229 |
| Modems | p. 229 |
| DSL Versus Cable Modem Security | p. 230 |
| Dynamic Versus Static IP Addressing | p. 230 |
| Remote Access Services | p. 231 |
| Security Problems with RAS | p. 231 |
| Telecom/Private Branch Exchange | p. 231 |
| Virtual Private Networks | p. 232 |
| Intrusion Detection Systems | p. 234 |
| Computer-based IDS | p. 234 |
| Network-based IDS | p. 234 |
| Anomaly-based Detection | p. 235 |
| Signature-based Detection | p. 236 |
| Network Monitoring and Diagnostics | p. 236 |
| Workstations and Servers | p. 236 |
| Personal Firewall Software Packages | p. 237 |
| Antivirus Software Packages | p. 237 |
| Mobile Devices | p. 238 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 238 |
| Key Terms | p. 239 |
| Review Questions | p. 241 |
| Media and Medium | p. 245 |
| Transmission Media | p. 246 |
| Coaxial Cable | p. 246 |
| Twisted Pair Copper Cable | p. 247 |
| Fiber-Optic Cable | p. 248 |
| Unguided Transmission | p. 249 |
| Securing Transmission Media | p. 250 |
| Storage Media | p. 252 |
| Magnetic Storage Media | p. 252 |
| Optical Storage Media | p. 254 |
| Solid-State Storage Media | p. 255 |
| Catastrophic Loss | p. 257 |
| Encryption | p. 257 |
| Storing and Destruction of Media | p. 257 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 258 |
| Key Terms | p. 258 |
| Review Questions | p. 259 |
| Network Security Topologies | p. 263 |
| Perimeter Security Topologies | p. 264 |
| Three-tiered Architecture | p. 264 |
| Creating and Developing Your Security Design | p. 267 |
| DMZ | p. 269 |
| Intranet | p. 271 |
| Extranet | p. 272 |
| Network Address Translation | p. 273 |
| Tunneling | p. 275 |
| Virtual Local Area Networks | p. 276 |
| Security Features of VLANs | p. 279 |
| Vulnerabilities of VLAN Trunks | p. 280 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 281 |
| Key Terms | p. 282 |
| Review Questions | p. 282 |
| Intrusion Detection | p. 287 |
| The Value of Intrusion Detection | p. 288 |
| Negatives and Positives | p. 288 |
| Network-based and Host-based IDS | p. 290 |
| Network-based IDS | p. 291 |
| Host-based IDS | p. 296 |
| Active Detection and Passive Detection | p. 300 |
| Anomaly-based and Signature-based IDS | p. 302 |
| Intrusion Detection Products | p. 304 |
| Honeypots | p. 305 |
| Honeypot Deployment Options | p. 307 |
| Honeypot Design | p. 307 |
| Honeypots, Ethics, and the Law | p. 308 |
| Incident Response | p. 308 |
| IDS Monitoring | p. 308 |
| Information Security Incident Response Team | p. 309 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 310 |
| Key Terms | p. 310 |
| Review Questions | p. 312 |
| Security Baselines | p. 315 |
| OS/NOS Hardening | p. 316 |
| File System | p. 317 |
| Creating Needed User Groups | p. 319 |
| Configuring Access Controls | p. 319 |
| Installing and Configuring File Encryption Capabilities | p. 320 |
| Updates | p. 320 |
| Network Hardening | p. 321 |
| Firmware Updates | p. 322 |
| Configuration | p. 322 |
| Access Control Lists | p. 324 |
| Enabling and Disabling of Services and Protocols | p. 326 |
| Application Hardening | p. 328 |
| Web Servers | p. 328 |
| E-mail Servers | p. 330 |
| FTP Servers | p. 332 |
| DNS Servers | p. 334 |
| NNTP Servers | p. 337 |
| File and Print Servers | p. 338 |
| DHCP Servers | p. 339 |
| Data Repositories | p. 341 |
| Directory Services | p. 341 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 345 |
| Key Terms | p. 346 |
| Review Questions | p. 349 |
| Cryptography | p. 353 |
| Algorithms | p. 354 |
| Hashing | p. 354 |
| Symmetric versus Asymmetric Algorithms | p. 354 |
| Symmetric Algorithms | p. 355 |
| Asymmetric Algorithms | p. 356 |
| Common Encryption Algorithms | p. 356 |
| Concepts of Using Cryptography | p. 358 |
| Digital Signatures | p. 359 |
| Certificates | p. 360 |
| PKI Certificates | p. 360 |
| Trust Models | p. 362 |
| Key and Certificate Life Cycle Management | p. 363 |
| Setup and Initialization | p. 364 |
| Certificate Expiration | p. 366 |
| Certificate Revocation and Suspension | p. 367 |
| Key History | p. 367 |
| Key Archive | p. 367 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 368 |
| Key Terms | p. 369 |
| Review Questions | p. 370 |
| Physical Security | p. 373 |
| Physical Controls | p. 374 |
| Location and Environment | p. 374 |
| Construction | p. 374 |
| Physical Barriers | p. 375 |
| Physical Surveillance | p. 378 |
| Technical Controls | p. 379 |
| Personnel Access Controls | p. 379 |
| Technical Surveillance | p. 382 |
| Ventilation | p. 382 |
| Power Supply | p. 382 |
| Fire Detection and Suppression | p. 383 |
| Shielding | p. xxx |
| Natural Disasters | p. 385 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 385 |
| Key Terms | p. 385 |
| Review Questions | p. 386 |
| Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity | p. 391 |
| Business Continuity | p. 392 |
| Disaster Recovery Planning Process | p. 392 |
| Data Backups | p. 393 |
| Disaster Recovery Plan | p. 395 |
| Policies and Procedures | p. 397 |
| Security Policy | p. 397 |
| Human Resources Policy | p. 400 |
| Incident Response Policy | p. 402 |
| Privilege Management | p. 404 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 406 |
| Key Terms | p. 406 |
| Review Questions | p. 406 |
| Computer Forensics and Advanced Topics | p. 411 |
| Computer Forensics | p. 412 |
| Digital Evidence | p. 412 |
| Principles of Digital Evidence | p. 412 |
| The Forensic Process | p. 413 |
| Risk Management | p. 417 |
| Asset Identification | p. 417 |
| Risk Assessment | p. 417 |
| Threat Identification | p. 418 |
| Vulnerabilities | p. 418 |
| Education and Training | p. 418 |
| Communication | p. 418 |
| User Awareness | p. 419 |
| Auditing | p. 419 |
| Documentation | p. 421 |
| Standards and Guidelines | p. 421 |
| Systems Architecture | p. 421 |
| Change Documentation | p. 421 |
| Logs and Inventories | p. 422 |
| Classification and Notification | p. 422 |
| Retention and Storage | p. 422 |
| Destruction | p. 423 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 423 |
| Key Terms | p. 423 |
| Review Questions | p. 424 |
| Answers to Chapter Review Questions | p. 391 |
| Glossary | p. 441 |
| Index | p. 459 |
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