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Adolescence : Continuity, Change, and Diversity

Cobb, Nancy
ISBN-10: 0073194727
ISBN-13: 9780073194721

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Table of Contents

Author Bios

Nancy Cobb’s Adolescence, recognized as one of the leading texts in the field, provides an up-to-date and thorough review of current research and theory. Praised for its clear and engaging writing style, this highly acclaimed text is distinguished by its excellent coverage of gender, ethnicity, and identity, and for its treatment of differences between early and late adolescence.

Research Focus Boxes in each chapter provide comprehensive coverage of developmental research methods. Additionally, In More Depth boxes on topics of special interest to students extend the coverage of each chapter.

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Preface	p. xxi
Defining Adolescents: Who Are They?	p. 3
Studying Adolescents: Four Themes to Look for in This Text	p. 4
Chapter Overview	p. 4
Who Are Adolescents?	p. 5
Adolescents in a Changing Society	p. 6
What Is Adolescence? Three Answers	p. 8
Perspectives on Adolescence	p. 11
The Historical Perspective	p. 12
The Lifespan Perspective	p. 14
The Contextual Perspective	p. 16
The Constructive Perspective	p. 18
The Faces of Adolescents	p. 18
Research Focus: An Experiment "Who You Pushin', Buddy!" Perceptions of Aggressiveness	p. 19
One Face or Two? Sex and Gender	p. 20
Faces of Many Colors: Ethnicity	p. 22
In More Depth: Socializing African American Children	p. 24
Peach Fuzz and Whiskers: From Early Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood	p. 24
That's My Face: Identity	p. 25
Summary	p. 27
Key Terms	p. 19
Theoretical Foundations of Adolescent Development	p. 31
Chapter Overview	p. 32
Models and Theories	p. 32
A Model Defined	p. 32
A Theory Defined	p. 33
The Environmental Model	p. 35
The Organismic Model: The Constructive Perspective	p. 36
Environmental Theories	p. 38
Focus on the Intellectual: Havighurst	p. 38
Explaining the Motivational: Skinner	p. 38
Focus on the Social-Interpersonal: Bandura	p. 40
Organismic Theories: Adolescents Constructing Their Worlds	p. 41
Focus on the Intellectual: Piaget and Kegan	p. 41
Focus on the Motivational: Freud and Homey	p. 43
Focus on the Social: Erikson, Chodorow, and Gilligan	p. 46
Research Focus: Erikson's Psychohistorical Approach: A Clinician's Notebook from the Dakota Prairies	p. 49
In More Depth: Self-Descriptions of Two Adolescents	p. 51
In More Depth: Choosing Between Responsibility to Self and Responsibility to Others	p. 53
The Worlds of Adolescents: A Contextual Perspective	p. 55
Internalizing the Context: Vygotsky and Rogoff	p. 55
The Significance of Context: Protective Versus Risk Factors	p. 58
Development Within a Personal Context: The Lifespan	p. 59
Summary	p. 59
Key Terms	p. 61
The Biological and Physical Changes of Adolescence: Puberty, Health, and Well-Being	p. 63
Chapter Overview	p. 63
The Endocrine System	p. 65
Hormonal Activity	p. 65
Puberty: A Two-Step Process	p. 65
The Physical Changes of Puberty	p. 68
Recollections of an Adolescent Girl	p. 69
Recollections of an Adolescent Boy	p. 70
The Growth Spurt	p. 71
The Reproductive System	p. 72
Menarche	p. 75
Spermarche	p. 77
The Secular Trend	p. 78
The Psychological and Social Implications of Puberty	p. 79
Heightened Emotionality	p. 79
Relationships with Parents	p. 80
The Timing of Change: Early and Late Maturers	p. 81
Early and Late Maturing Boys	p. 82
Early and Late Maturing Girls	p. 82
Body Image and Self-Esteem	p. 84
Health and Well-Being	p. 87
Nutrition	p. 87
Physical Activity	p. 88
Overweight	p. 88
In More Depth: The Edible Schoolyard	p. 90
Health Care	p. 90
Poverty	p. 91
Research Focus: Randomized Versus Quasi-Experimental Designs: What's in a Name? Communication Across the Ages	p. 92
Summary	p. 94
Key Terms	p. 97
The Cognitive and Intellectual Changes of Adolescence	p. 99
Chapter Overview	p. 100
How Adolescents Think	p. 101
Thinking Abstractly	p. 101
Thinking Hypothetically	p. 102
Thinking Logically	p. 102
Biological Bases to Intellectual Development	p. 103
Cognitive Development: A Constructive Perspective	p. 104
Piaget and Kegan	p. 105
Contextual Effects and Formal Thinking	p. 108
A Psychometric Approach to Intelligence	p. 109
Intelligence: What Is It?	p. 110
A Closer Look: The WAIS-R	p. 110
Intelligence Tests and Culture	p. 111
Research Focus: Cross-Sectional and Sequential Designs: Does Intelligence Slip with Age?	p. 112
Are There Gender Differences in Intellectual Functioning?	p. 114
Beyond IQ: An Information Processing Approach	p. 116
Sternberg's Componential Intelligence	p. 117
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences	p. 119
Practical Intelligence	p. 120
Implications for Everyday Life	p. 121
Pseudostupidity	p. 121
An Imaginary Audience	p. 121
Understanding Others	p. 122
New Emotions	p. 122
Arguing	p. 123
Doubt and Skepticism	p. 124
Implications for the Classroom	p. 124
Reasoning	p. 124
Can Adolescents Think Like Scientists?	p. 125
Study Skills and Knowing What You Don't Know	p. 126
Metaphors and Meaning: When Is a Ship a State?	p. 127
Summary	p. 128
Key Terms	p. 129
Defining the Self: identity and Intimacy	p. 131
Chapter Overview	p. 132
Autonomy and Individuation	p. 133
Autonomy	p. 133
Individuation	p. 135
In More Depth: The Joys of Parenting Early Adolescents	p. 136
Family Interaction and Adolescents' Individuation	p. 137
In More Depth: Communication Patterns That Foster Individualism	p. 138
In More Depth: Parents' Reflections About Late Adolescence	p. 139
Identity: The Normative Crisis of Adolescence	p. 139
Variations on a Theme of Identity	p. 142
Identity Statuses	p. 142
Moratorium and Possible Selves	p. 145
Identity styles	p. 145
Identity: Gender and Ethnicity	p. 146
Gender Differences in Identity Formation	p. 146
Research Focus: Operationalizing Concepts: What Kind of Decision Maker Are You?	p. 148
Contributions of Ethnicity to Identity Development	p. 150
Achieving a Bicultural Identity	p. 153
The Self	p. 154
Self-Concept: Who Am I?	p. 154
Self-Esteem: Do I Like Myself?	p. 156
Intimacy: Discovering the Self Through Relationships	p. 159
Knowing Oneself	p. 159
Intimacy with Others	p. 160
Intimacy and Identity: Different Paths to Maturity?	p. 161
Developmental Issues in Adolescence	p. 163
Dimensions of Relatedness	p. 164
Gender Differences in Relatedness	p. 164
A New Definition of Maturity	p. 167
Summary	p. 168
Key Terms	p. 169
The Sexual Self: Close Relationships in Adolescence	p. 171
Chapter Overview	p. 172
Sexual Identity	p. 172
Gender Stereotypes: The Meaning of Masculine and Feminine	p. 173
Research Focus: Between-Subjects Design: Date Rape	p. 174
Constructing a Sexual Identity	p. 176
Sexual Scripts	p. 178
Making Sexual Decisions	p. 178
Talking with Parents	p. 179
Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors	p. 179
Self-Stimulation	p. 180
Protective Factors	p. 181
In More Depth: Descriptions of the Experience of Orgasm	p. 183
The Sexual Response Cycle	p. 183
Sexual Functioning: Myths and Misconceptions	p. 184
Sexual Orientation	p. 185
Homosexuality	p. 186
Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 187
Biological and Psychosocial Bases of Sexual Attraction	p. 187
Sexual Health: Risks and Responsibilities	p. 159
Contraception	p. 189
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	p. 191
Teenage Pregnancies	p. 198
Sex Education: What Adolescents Need to Know	p. 201
The Effectiveness of School Programs	p. 202
Comprehensive and Service Learning Programs	p. 203
Abstinence-Only Programs	p. 205
Summary	p. 205
Key Terms	p. 207
Adolescents in the Family: Changing Roles and Relationships	p. 209
Chapter Overview	p. 209
Changing Relationships with Parents	p. 210
Turmoil and Change	p. 210
Calm and Continuity	p. 210
Research Focus: Sampling: How Emotional Are Adolescents?	p. 211
Change and Continuity	p. 211
Negotiating Family Conflicts	p. 214
Emotional Climate of Families	p. 218
Parents and Adolescents	p. 219
Styles of Parenting	p. 219
Styles of Parenting and Ethnicity	p. 221
The Contexts of Parenting: Genetic and Environmental Contributions	p. 224
Whose Identity Crisis? Parents and Middle Age	p. 226
Families and Adolescent Development	p. 227
Family Factors in Development	p. 227
Families and Ethnicity	p. 229
In More Depth: What Parents Wish They Had Known About Adolescence	p. 230
Siblings	p. 231
Families in Transition	p. 232
Changing Family Structures	p. 232
Dual-Earner Families	p. 238
Summary	p. 240
Key Terms	p. 241
Adolescents and Their Friends	p. 243
Chapter Overview	p. 243
The Importance of Friendships	p. 245
Group Identity	p. 245
Gossip and Self-Disclosure	p. 246
Friends and Well-Being	p. 248
Parents and Well-Being	p. 249
Friendship Patterns	p. 250
Age Differences in Friendship Patterns	p. 251
Social Competence	p. 253
Social Status: Who's In and Who's Not	p. 254
Interethnic Friendships	p. 256
Gender and Friendships	p. 259
Friendships and Sexual-Minority Youth	p. 259
The Peer Group	p. 259
Cliques and Crowds	p. 260
Crushes and Dating	p. 262
Research Focus: Longitudinal Design: Friendship Patterns	p. 263
A Youth Culture	p. 265
School	p. 265
Conformity and Peer Pressure	p. 266
Values	p. 267
Deviant Behavior	p. 268
Youth Organizations	p. 271
Summary	p. 271
Key Terms	p. 273
Adolescents in the Schools	p. 275
Chapter Overview	p. 276
Educating Adolescents	p. 276
Structuring the Learning Environment	p. 276
Preparing for High School: Junior High or Middle School	p. 277
What Makes Schools Effective?	p. 279
Skilled Teachers	p. 280
In More Depth: Science in the Classroom: Analysis of a Frisbee	p. 281
Smaller Schools and Smaller Communities for Learning	p. 282
School Climate	p. 282
Full-Service Schools	p. 283
Parental Involvement	p. 283
School Violence	p. 283
Bullies and Victims	p. 284
In More Depth: Columbine: The Imaginary Audience and a Real Stage	p. 286
In More Depth: Definition and Forms of Bullying	p. 289
Teaching Peace	p. 289
Education for All	p. 290
Gender in the Classroom	p. 290
Multicultural Education	p. 291
Examining the Differences	p. 294
Academic Achievement	p. 296
Socioeconomic Status	p. 297
Academic Tracking	p. 297
Proficiency in Basic Subjects	p. 299
Academic Success	p. 299
Patterns of Achievement	p. 302
Gender Differences and Achievement	p. 303
Adolescents at the Edge	p. 305
Gifted Adolescents	p. 306
In More Depth: Some Characteristics of Gifted Students	p. 307
Adolescents with Learning Disabilities	p. 307
Research Focus: Within-Subjects Design and Attention Deficit Disorder: "Can't I Stay Home? I Think I Don't Feel Well."	p. 308
Dropping Out	p. 310
Measuring Success	p. 313
Testing and Public Policy	p. 314
Summary	p. 314
Key Terms	p. 317
Work, Careers, and College: New Decisions, New Ways of Thinking	p. 319
Chapter Overview	p. 320
Adolescents at Work	p. 321
Continuity of Attitudes Toward Work over the Lifespan	p. 321
Part-Time Employment	p. 321
Adolescents Who Drop Out and Employment	p. 325
Choosing a Vocation	p. 327
Social-Cognitive Theory	p. 327
Research Focus: Correlational Research: Hangin' out on a Friday Night	p. 328
Ginzburg: Vocational Stages	p. 330
Super: Careers and the Self-Concept	p. 332
Holland: Personality Types and Work	p. 333
Joining the Workforce	p. 335
Job Availability	p. 335
Gender in the Workplace	p. 336
Minorities and Work	p. 339
Intervention Programs: Strategies for Change	p. 340
Counselors as Change Agents	p. 341
Irrational Beliefs and Maladaptive Myths	p. 341
In More Depth: Myths That Interface with Adaptive Career Decision Making	p. 342
Adolescents and College: Thinking About Ideas	p. 343
New Solutions to Old Problems: Structural Analytical Thinking	p. 343
How College Changes the Way Adolescents Think	p. 345
Gender Differences in Intellectual Development	p. 347
Knowledge of One's Culture: Everybody's an Expert	p. 350
Adolescent Decision Making	p. 351
Personal Effectiveness	p. 351
Dealing with Everyday Problems	p. 352
Summary	p. 354
Key Terms	p. 355
Facing the Future Values in Transition	p. 357
Chapter Overview	p. 358
The Values of Adolescents	p. 358
Values: Adolescents and Parents	p. 358
Values: Gender and Race	p. 359
Values and Culture	p. 360
Values and Identity	p. 360
A Developing Morality	p. 364
Social-Cognitive Theory and Moral Development	p. 364
Internalizing Standards	p. 364
Considering Intentions	p. 364
Questioning Values	p. 365
Acting Morally	p. 365
Moral Virtues	p. 366
Critique of Social-Cognitive Theory	p. 366
Kohlberg: The Development of Moral Reasoning	p. 367
In More Depth: Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning	p. 368
Preconventional Moral Reasoning	p. 368
In More Depth: Rachel's Dilemma	p. 369
Conventional Moral Reasoning: Internalizing Standards	p. 369
Research Focus: Statistical Tests of Significance: What Do a Huai Haizi, a Warui Ko, and a Bad Kid Have in Common?	p. 370
Postconventional Moral Reasoning: Questioning Values	p. 371
When Justice May Not Be Enough: Forgiveness	p. 372
Critique of Kohlberg's Theory	p. 374
Gilligan: An Ethic of Care	p. 376
Caring for Self (Survival)	p. 376
Caring for Others (Goodness)	p. 377
Caring for Self and Others (Truth)	p. 378
Critique of Gilligan's Theory	p. 379
Comparison of Kohlberg's and Gilligan's Approaches	p. 380
Freud: Morality and the Superego	p. 381
Critique of Freud's Theory	p. 381
Adolescents' Religious Beliefs	p. 382
The Importance of Religion	p. 386
Summary	p. 387
Key Terms	p. 389
The Problems of Youth	p. 391
Chapter Overview	p. 392
Alienation and the Failure to Cope	p. 392
Runaways	p. 393
Support for Adolescent Runaways and Parents	p. 394
In More Depth: Types of Maltreatment	p. 395
Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect	p. 395
Juvenile Delinquency	p. 397
Age Differences in Delinquency	p. 397
Gender Differences in Delinquency	p. 398
Ethnic Differences in Delinquency	p. 398
Delinquency and Social Class	p. 398
Understanding Delinquency	p. 399
Gangs	p. 400
Youth and Violence	p. 403
Adolescents and Drugs	p. 405
What Is Dependence?	p. 406
Alcohol	p. 406
Cigarettes	p. 406
In More Depth: Criteria for Drug Dependence	p. 407
Marijuana	p. 407
Age, Ethnicity, and Gender	p. 408
Patterns of Drug Use	p. 409
Risk and Protective Factors	p. 409
Trends Over Time	p. 410
Prevention Programs	p. 410
Eating Disorders	p. 413
Bulimia and Anorexia	p. 414
Overweight	p. 415
Research Focus: Bias and Blind Controls: Eating Disorders	p. 416
Depression	p. 417
Three Depressive Disorders	p. 417
Masked Depression	p. 418
Suicide	p. 418
Gender and Ethnic Differences	p. 419
Warning Signs	p. 419
Risk Factors	p. 420
In More Depth: A Poem Written by a 15-Year-Old Boy Two Years Before Committing Suicide	p. 421
Counseling and Prevention	p. 421
Summary	p. 423
Key Terms	p. 425
Positive Development in Adolescence: Meeting the Challenges and Making It Work	p. 427
Chapter Overview	p. 429
Protective Factors in Adolescence	p. 429
Families	p. 430
Research Focus: Archival Research: Racial Socialization-Survival Tactics in a White Society?	p. 432
Communities	p. 434
Schools	p. 435
Personal Strengths: Temperament, Competence, and Religion	p. 436
Stress and Coping	p. 436
How Adolescents Cope with Stress	p. 437
Gender and Ethnicity	p. 438
Learning Effective Coping Strategies	p. 438
Beyond Coping: Caring and Prosocial Behavior	p. 440
Positive Youth Development	p. 441 Love 443
Summary	p. 444
Key Terms	p. 445
Studying Adolescence: Research Methods and Issues	p. 447
Chapter Overview	p. 447
Research Strategies	p. 449
Number of Participants	p. 449
Degree of Control	p. 450
Developmental Research: Issues and Designs	p. 454
Correlational Research	p. 454
Cross-Sectional Designs	p. 455
Longitudinal Designs	p. 456
Sequential Designs	p. 458
Path Analysis	p. 458
Response Measures in Developmental Research	p. 459
Dependent Variables	p. 459
Types of Response Measures	p. 460
Research Issues	p. 460
Internal and External Validity	p. 460
Theory-Guided Research	p. 461
Operationalizing Concepts	p. 461
Sampling	p. 461
Bias and Blind Controls	p. 462
Tests of Significance	p. 462
Ethics	p. 463
Research Designs	p. 463
Between-Subjects Designs	p. 463
Within-Subjects Designs	p. 463
Matched-Subjects Designs	p. 464
Factorial Designs	p. 465
Summary	p. 465
Key Terms	p. 466
Glossary	p. G-1
References	p. R-1
Credits	p. C-1
Author Index	p. I-1
Subject Index	p. I-13
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Nancy Cobb grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She divides her time between Connecticut and New York City.

Edition:	6th 2007 (Revised)
Publisher:	McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Binding:	Perfect
Pages:	576
Size:	8.00" wide x 10.00" long x 0.75" tall
Weight:	2.20 lbs.
Language:	English

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