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| Introduction: The European Union | |
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| Systematic Survey | |
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| Physical Environments | |
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| A View from Space | |
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| Climate and Weather | |
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| The Variability of European Weather | |
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| General Climate Considerations | |
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| Natural Vegetation | |
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| Topography: Mountains, Plateaux, Rivers, Plains, and Goasts | |
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| Human Impact on the Environment | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Cultural and Historical Geography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Mosaic of Cultures | |
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| Languages | |
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| Religions | |
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| Culture Contrasts | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Population, Distribution, Density, Migration and Aging | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Robert Malthus | |
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| Demographic History | |
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| The Demographic Transition | |
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| Distribution of Population | |
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| EU Population Trends | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Rural and Urban Settlements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Network of Roman Towns | |
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| The Medieval City | |
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| The Renaissance City | |
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| The Industrial City | |
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| Rural Settlement | |
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| Settlements in the Modern Era | |
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| Ethnic Communities in European Cities | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Economic Geography: Agriculture, Industry, and Services | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sectors of the Economy | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| Industrialization | |
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| The Stages of European Economic Growth | |
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| The Impact of Globalization | |
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| The Impact of the EU on Agriculture, Industry, and Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Political Geography | |
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| Friedrich Ratzel | |
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| Mackinder and Bowman | |
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| World War I | |
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| Ideas for a United Europe | |
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| Totalitarian Regimes and Economic Autarky | |
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| The New Order in Europe | |
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| New European Boundaries After World War II | |
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| The Cold War | |
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| Economic Cooperation in Western Europe | |
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| EU Enlargement in 1995 | |
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| Widening Versus Deepening | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Core of the European Union | |
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| France and the Benelux Countries | |
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| Introduction | |
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| France | |
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| Belgium | |
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| The Netherlands | |
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| Luxembourg | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Germany and Italy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Germany | |
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| Italy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Enlargement of EU | |
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| Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Denmark | |
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| Ireland | |
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| The United Kingdom | |
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| Regions of Britain: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and England | |
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| A United Kingdom? | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Southern Europe: Greece, Spain, and Portugal | |
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| Greece | |
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| The Iberian Peninsula-Spain and Portugal | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, and Finland | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Austria | |
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| Switzerland | |
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| Sweden | |
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| Norway | |
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| Iceland | |
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| Finland | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Enlargement in the 21st Century | |
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| Eastward Expansion 2004: The Baltics, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania | |
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| Poland | |
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| The Czech Republic | |
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| Slovakia | |
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| Hungary | |
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| Slovenia | |
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| East Europe Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Eastward Expansion 2007: The Balkans | |
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| Introduction: The Balkans | |
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| Romania | |
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| Bulgaria | |
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| Croatia | |
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| Serbia | |
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| Montenegro | |
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| Bosnia-Herzegovina | |
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| Macedonia | |
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| Albania | |
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| Balkan Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Regional Survey: Russia and Former Soviet Socialist Republics | |
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| Belarus, the Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Russia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Belarus and the Ukraine | |
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| Moldova | |
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| Georgia | |
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| Russia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Mediterranean Fringe | |
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| Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, and Gibraltar | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Turkey | |
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| Turkey, The Middle East, and Europe | |
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| Cyprus, Malta, and Gibraltar | |
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| Cyprus | |
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| Malta | |
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| Gibraltar | |
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| The EU in Africa | |
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| Islas Canarias | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The European Union and the Wider World | |
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| The EU in World Affairs | |
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| Widening | |
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| Deepening | |
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| EU External Relations | |
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| The Common Agricultural Policy in World Affairs | |
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| Imperial Pasts | |
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| Decolonization | |
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| The European Union and NAFTA | |
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| Turkey, the Middle East, and Central Asia | |
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| The Euro | |
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| Summary | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
