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| List of Figures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Virtual Reality: The Science of Illusion | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Immersion | |
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| Presence | |
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| A Brief History of Virtual Reality | |
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| Reality-Virtuality Continuum | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Computer Graphics | |
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| Mathematics | |
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| Coordinate Systems | |
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| Vectors, Transformations and Matrices | |
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| Angular Representations | |
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| Projections | |
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| 3D Modeling | |
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| Geometric Representations | |
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| Curves | |
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| Surfaces | |
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| 3D Rendering | |
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| Local Illumination Model | |
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| Global Illumination Model | |
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| Textures | |
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| Rendering Pipeline | |
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| Computer Animation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Animation Types: Real Time and Image by Image | |
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| Articulated Bodies and Virtual Characters | |
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| Motion Control Methods | |
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| Motion Capture and Performance Animation | |
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| Optical Motion Capture Systems | |
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| Magnetic Trackers and Systems | |
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| Motion Capture Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Key-Frame Animation | |
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| Shape Interpolation and Parametric Keyframe Animation | |
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| Kochanek-Bartels Spline Interpolation | |
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| Inverse Kinematics | |
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| Motion Retargeting | |
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| Procedural Animation | |
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| Physics-Based Animation | |
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| Behavioral Animation | |
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| Virtual Worlds | |
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| Virtual Characters | |
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| Virtual Humans in Virtual Environments | |
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| Character Skinning | |
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| Skeleton-Based Deformations | |
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| Data-Driven Methods | |
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| Physics-Based Approaches | |
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| Locomotion | |
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| Locomotion Generation | |
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| PCA-Based Locomotion | |
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| Virtual Human-Object interaction | |
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| Feature Modeling and Smart Objects | |
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| Grasping | |
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| Motion Planning | |
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| Facial Animation | |
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| Autonomous Characters | |
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| Why Autonomous Virtual Characters? | |
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| Properties of Autonomous Virtual Characters | |
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| Behaviors for Autonomous Virtual Characters | |
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| Crowd Simulation | |
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| Architecture of Virtual Reality Systems | |
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| Scene Graph-Based Systems | |
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| Semantic Virtual Environments | |
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| Generic System Architecture for VR Systems | |
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| Distributed Virtual Environments | |
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| Communication Architecture | |
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| Interest Management | |
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| Concurrency Control | |
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| Data Replication | |
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| Load Distribution | |
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| Mixed Realities | |
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| Augmented Reality and Augmented Virtuality | |
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| Tracking Techniques | |
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| Markers-Based Tracking | |
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| Marker-Less Tracking | |
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| Mixed Reality Tool Kits | |
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| Perceiving Virtual Worlds | |
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| Vision | |
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| Graphical Display Technologies | |
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| Cathode-Ray Tubes | |
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| Liquid Crystal Displays | |
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| Plasma Displays | |
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| Virtual Reality Displays | |
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| Head-Mounted Displays | |
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| Fish Tank VR | |
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| Handheld Displays | |
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| Large Projection Screens | |
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| CAVE Systems | |
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| Audition | |
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| The Need for Sound in VR | |
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| Recording and Reproduction of Spatial Sound | |
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| Synthesis of Spatial Sound | |
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| Sound Rendering | |
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| Head-Related Transfer Function | |
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| 3D Sound Imaging | |
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| Utilization of Loudspeaker Location | |
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| Sound Systems for VR | |
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| Sound Hardware | |
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| Sound Engines | |
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| Touch | |
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| The Need for Touch in VR | |
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| Data Gloves | |
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| Haptic Rendering | |
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| History of Haptic Rendering | |
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| Haptic Interfaces | |
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| Vibrotactile Displays | |
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| Tactile Displays | |
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| Kinesthetic Displays | |
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| Smell and Taste | |
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| The Need for Smells and Tastes in VR | |
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| Smell Interfaces | |
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| Taste interfaces | |
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| Applications | |
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| Health Sciences | |
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| Virtual Surgery | |
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| Virtual Rehabilitation and Therapy | |
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| Physiotherapy | |
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| Psychological Therapy | |
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| Virtual Anatomy | |
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| Cultural Heritage | |
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| Virtual Campeche and Calakmul | |
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| Virtual Dunhuang | |
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| Terracotta Soldiers | |
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| EU-INCO CAHRISMA and ERATO | |
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| EU-IST Archeoguide | |
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| EU-IST Lifeplus | |
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| Other VR Applications | |
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| Vehicle Simulators | |
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| Manufacturing | |
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| Entertainment | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
