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| Table of Cases | |
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| Table of Legislation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Instability of 'Remedy' | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Literal and Non-Legal Meanings of Remedy | |
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| Broad Functional Definition of Legal Remedy | |
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| Narrow Meanings of Legal Remedy | |
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| An action or cause of action as a remedy | |
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| A substantive right as a remedy | |
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| Kinds of substantive rights: primary and secondary | |
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| Confusion as to secondary rights | |
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| A secondary right as a remedy | |
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| A primary right as a remedy | |
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| A court order as a remedy | |
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| An order made 'as of right' | |
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| An order given in court's 'strong' discretion | |
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| Means of enforcing a court order as a remedy | |
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| Final outcome as a remedy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Writers on 'Remedies' | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lawson - Remedies of English Law | |
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| The work | |
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| Scope of the concept of a remedy | |
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| Taxonomy of remedies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Burrows - Remedies for Torts and Breaches of Contract | |
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| The work | |
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| Scope of the concept of a remedy | |
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| Taxonomy of remedies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Meagher, Gummow and Lehane - Equity: Doctrines and Remedies | |
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| The work | |
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| Scope of the concept of a remedy | |
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| Taxonomy of remedies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Tilbury - Civil Remedies | |
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| The work | |
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| Scope of the concept of a remedy | |
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| Taxonomy of remedies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Walker - The Law of Civil Remedies in Scotland | |
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| The work | |
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| Scope of the concept of a remedy | |
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| |
| Taxonomy of remedies | |
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| |
| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
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| Stable Core Meaning of 'Remedy' | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stable Core Meaning of Remedy | |
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| Core usage of remedy | |
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| The nature of a court order or pronouncement | |
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| A note on self-help 'remedies' | |
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| Rejection of Various Definitions | |
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| Broad definition of remedy not adequate | |
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| Rejected narrow meanings of 'remedy' | |
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| An action or cause of action ought not to be called a remedy | |
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| A secondary right ought not to be called a remedy | |
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| A primary right ought not to be called a remedy | |
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| Means of enforcement of a court order ought not to be called a remedy | |
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| Final outcome ought not to be called a remedy | |
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| Relationship Between Substantive Rights and Remedies | |
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| Line between substance and remedy | |
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| Fitting substantive rights, remedies, and enforcement together | |
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| Existence of substantive rights | |
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| Substantive rights before remedies or vice versa? | |
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| Remedies without substantive rights | |
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| Substantive rights without remedies | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Classification of Remedies | |
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| |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classifications of Remedies | |
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| Most common classifications | |
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| Received classification | |
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| What is Being Classified? | |
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| Effect of imprecise definition on taxonomy | |
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| Definition of 'remedy' | |
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| Foreign matter must be excluded | |
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| What Criterion Operates? | |
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| What is the criterion for the categories of compensation, restitution, and punishment? | |
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| Are specific enforcement, coercion, and declaration goal-based categories? | |
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| What are the criteria for the specific enforcement category? | |
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| What is the criterion for the coercion category? | |
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| |
| What is the criterion for the declaration category? | |
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| Criteria must not be mixed | |
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| What Could a Disciplined Classification of Remedies Look Like? | |
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| |
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| First principles of taxonomy | |
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| Features of remedies and possible criteria | |
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| |
| The summa divisio or first level | |
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| Lower levels of the hierarchy | |
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| |
| Conclusion | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Discretion and Remedies | |
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| |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
| |
| A Closer Look at Discretion | |
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| |
| Definition of discretion | |
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| Discretion and rules | |
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| Constraints on discretion | |
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| |
| |
| Reasons for discretion | |
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| |
| |
| Discretion as to Replicative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
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| |
| |
| Discretion as to common law remedies | |
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| |
| Discretion as to equitable remedies | |
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| |
| |
| Characterized as discretion to grant or refuse the remedy | |
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| |
| |
| Characterized as discretion as to whether a 'bar' to the remedy operates | |
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| |
| |
| Downplaying the term 'discretion' in relation to equitable remedies | |
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| |
| |
| 'Discretion' to impose conditions | |
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| |
| |
| Remedial Discretion as to Transformative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Remedial discretion distinguished from discretion as to equitable replicative remedies | |
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| |
| |
| Remedial discretion distinguished from judicial development of the law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Law-making at the institutional level (or 'rule-making') | |
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| |
| |
| 'Law'-making at the instance-specific level (or 'remedy-making') | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
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| |
| |
| Replicating Primary Rights: Common Law Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replication of Primary Rights | |
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| |
| |
| Primary rights capable of replication | |
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| |
| |
| Primary rights not capable of replication | |
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| |
| |
| Primary rights not replicated for policy reasons (bars) | |
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| |
| |
| Replication at Common Law and in Equity | |
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| |
| |
| Award of Sum Due Under a Contract | |
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| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
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| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
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| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
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| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
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| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
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| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
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| |
| |
| Right to the payment of an agreed sum | |
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| |
| |
| Right to the payment of an unspecified sum | |
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| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
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| |
| |
| Award of Restitution for Unjust Enrichment at the Expense of Another | |
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| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
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| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for the Recovery of Land | |
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| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| The claimant's substantive right | |
| |
| |
| |
| The nature of the right's replication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replicating Primary Rights: Equitable Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Injunction Replicating a Primary Right | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Duration of operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negative primary right (prohibitory injunction) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common law rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replication of negative contractural rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replication of negative non-contractual legal rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equitable rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statutory rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Positive primary non-contractual right (mandatory injunction) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common law rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equitable rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statutory rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decree of Specific Performance of a Contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
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| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Right to the transfer of an asset | |
| |
| |
| |
| Right to the provision of a service | |
| |
| |
| |
| Right to the payment of money | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two senses of 'specific performance' | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for the Execution of a Trust and Order for a Common Account | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for execution of a trust | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for a common account | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rectification 'Order' | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| |
| 'Order' for Rescission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replicating Primary Rights: Statutory Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for the Recovery of Goods (or their Value) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declaration of Primary Right | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the judgment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common law rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contractual rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Property rights usually protected by the law of tort | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equitable rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statutory rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replicating Secondary Rights: Common Law Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replication of Secondary Rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Award of Damages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on substantive rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a breach of contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loss of expected enrichment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loss of bargain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reliance loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a tort | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restitution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a breach of contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a tort | |
| |
| |
| |
| Punishment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a tort | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a breach of contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replicating Secondary Rights: Equitable Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Award of Equitable Compensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beneficiary's secondary right to direct payment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beneficiary's secondary right to have the trust fund restored | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orders Giving Effect to Secondary Rights to an Account | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for an account on the basis of wilful default | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consequential remedy (equitable compensation) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for an account of profits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from an equitable wrong | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a breach of contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consequential remedy (equitable restitution) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mandatory Injunction to Undo or Prevent a Wrong | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a breach of contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a tort | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from an equitable wrong | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from an infringement of an intellectual property right | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replicating Secondary Rights: Statutory Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order for the Recovery of the Value of Goods (or the Goods Themselves) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Award of Damages 'in Addition to' Specific Relief under Section 50 of the Supreme Court Act | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declaration of a Secondary Right | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of the substantive right replicated | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from a breach of contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arising from an equitable wrong | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transformative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distinction between constitutive and immediately enforceable remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of statutory power to grant transformative remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discretion and transformative remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statutory Transformative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constitutive remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jurisdiction to grant the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the 'order' | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforceable transformative remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jurisdiction to grant the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equitable Transformative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constitutive remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jurisdiction to grant the remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Form of the order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforceable transformative remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common Law Transformative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforcement of Transformative Remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constitutive remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enforceable transformative remedies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |