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Handbook of Mass Measurements
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Handbook of Mass Measurements

Schoonover, Randall M.; Jones, Frank E.
ISBN-10: 0849325315
ISBN-13: 9780849325311

In our Marketplace:
2 new from $202.57
Within one volume, this handbook provides detailed, up-to-date information on the various aspects of measuring mass. This is an exhaustive, unique work that includes citations and summaries of the published literature, but much of the material presented is the authors' own work. It will be of enormous interest and utility to those involved in mass metrology at the highest levels, in science, engineering, industry, commerce, legal metrology, and in more routine measurements and weighings.
"How much does it weigh?" seems a simple question. To scientists and engineers, however, the answer is far from simple, and determining the answer demands consideration of an almost overwhelming number of factors.With an intriguing blend of history, fundamentals, and technical details, the Handbook of Mass Measurement sets forth the details of achieving the highest precision in mass measurements. It covers the whole field, from the development, calibration, and maintenance of mass standards to detailed accounts of weighing designs, balances, and uncertainty. It addresses the entire measurement process and provides in-depth examinations of the various factors that introduce error.Much of the material is the authors' own work and some of it is published here for the first time. Jones and Schoonover are both highly regarded veterans of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. With this handbook, they have provided a service and resource vital to anyone involved not only in the determination of mass, but also to the entire field of precision measurement.Jones and Schoonover, both with experience at the US National Bureau of Standards, compile in a single volume information on various facets of mass measurement that would be useful to readers engaged in mass metrology in such settings as national standards laboratories, science and engineering, industry and commerce, legal metrology, and more garden variety measurements of mass and weight. Combining information from the literature with their own findings--much of it previously unpublished--they consider such topics as standards, contamination, cleaning, determining mass differences from balance observations, weighing designs, and the electronic balance. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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Mass and Mass Standards
Introduction
Definition of Mass
The Mass Unit
Mass Artifacts, Mass Standards
References
The Roles of Mass Metrology in Civilization, Paul E. Pontius
The Role of Mass Measurement in Commerce
The Role of Measurement in Technology
The Role of Measurement in Science
References
Report by John Quincy Adams
Recalibration of Mass Standards
Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram
Introduction
Experimental
1984 BIPM Measurements
1984 NBS Measurements
Recommendations
Third Periodic Verification of National Prototypes of the Kilogram
Introduction
Preliminary Comparisons
Comparisons with the International Prototype
Verification of the National Prototypes
Conclusions Drawn from the Third Verification
References
Contamination of Mass Standards
Platinum-Iridium Mass Standards
Growth of Carbonaceous Contamination on Platinum-Iridium Alloy Surfaces, and Cleaning by Ultraviolet-Ozone Treatment
Progress of Contamination and Cleaning Effects
Effects of Changes in Ambient Humidity, Temperature, and Pressure on "Apparent Mass" of Platinum-Iridium Prototype Mass Standards
Evidence of Variations in Mass of Reference Kilograms Due to Mercury Contamination
Mechanism and Long-Term Effects of Mercury Contamination
Water Adsorption Layers on Metal Surfaces
Stainless Steel Mass Standards
Precision Determination of Adsorption Layers on Stainless Steel Mass Standards--Introduction
Adsorption Measurements in Air
Sorption Measurements in Vacuum
Effect of Environment and Cleaning Methods on Surfaces of Stainless Steel and Allied Materials
Studies of Influence of Cleaning on Stability of XSH Alacrite Mass Standards
References
Cleaning of Mass Standards
Introduction
Solvent Cleaning and Steam Washing (Nettoyage-Lavage)
Solvent Cleaning
Steam Washing
Effect of Solvent Cleaning and Steam Washing
Summaries of National Laboratory Studies Related to Cleaning
Cleaning at National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (NPL)
Cleaning at Institut National de Metrologie, France (INM)
Cleaning at National Research Laboratory of Metrology, Japan (NRLM)
Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards
Cleaning Procedures Investigated by Weighing and Ellipsometry
Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards at BIPM
Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards at NIST
References
From Balance Observations to Mass Differences
Introduction
Determination of Mass Difference
References
Glossary of Statistical Terms
References
Measurement Uncertainty
Introduction
NIST Guidlines
Classification of Components of Uncertainty
Standard Uncertainty
Type A Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty
Type B Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty
Combined Standard Uncertainty
Expanded Uncertainty
Relative Uncertainties
Example of Determination of Uncertainty
References
Weighing Designs
Introduction
Least Squares
Best Fit
Simplest Example
Equation of a Line
Sequences
Design A.1.2
Design C.10
Design 16
Observation Multipliers for Determining Mass Values and Deviations
Design A.1.2
Design C.10
Design 16
Factors for Computing Weight Standard Deviations Needed for Uncertainty Calculations
Design A.1.2
Design C.10
Design 16
Sample Data Sets and Intermediate Calculations
Design A.1.2
Design C.10
Design 16
Calculations of Various Values Associated with Design
16. and the 5-kg, 2-kg[subscript 1], 2-kg[subscript 2], and 1-kg Weights
Calculations of Various Values Associated with the A.1.2 Design Solution for the 1-kg and [Sigma]1-kg Weights and 500 g through [Sigma]100 g
50 g -
10. g NIST Data
5 g -
1. g NIST Data
0.5 g - 0.1 g NIST Data
0.05 g - 0.01 g NIST Data
0.005 g - 0.001 g NIST Data
Commentary
References
Calibration of the Screen and the Built-in Weights of a Direct-Reading Analytical Balance
Calibration of the Screen
Calibration of the Built-in Weights
References
A Look at the Electronic Balance
Introduction
The Analytical Balance and the Mass Unit
Balance Principles
The Mechanical Balance
The Hybrid Balance
The Electromotive Force Balance
The Servo System
A Closer Look at Electronic Balances
The Hybrid Balance
The Force Balance
Benefits and Idiosyncrasies of Electronic Balances
Benefit
Idiosyncrasies
Black Box Comparison
The Future
References
Examples of Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing
Introduction
Buoyant Force and Buoyancy Correction
Application of the Simple Buoyancy Correction Factor to Weighing on a Single-Pan Two-Knife Analytical Balance
The Electronic Analytical Balance
Electronic Balance Calibration and Use
Usual Case for Which the Air Density Is Not the Reference Value
Examples of Effects of Failure to Make Buoyancy Corrections
Other Examples of Buoyancy Correction
Weighing of Syringes
Buoyancy Applied to Weighing in Weighing Bottles
References
Air Density Equation
Introduction
Development of the Jones Air Density Equation
Parameters in the Jones Air Density Equation
The Jones Air Density Equation
Uncertainties in Air Density Calculations
Use of Constant Values of F, Z, and M[subscript a] in the Air Density Equation
CIPM-81 Air Density Equation
CIPM 1981/1991 Equation
Recommendation
Direct Determination of Air Density
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Results and Conclusions
Experimental Determination of Air Density in Weighing on a 1-kg Balance in Air and in Vacuum
Introduction
Results and Conclusions
A Practical Approach to Air Density Determination
Introduction
Air Density
Test of Air Density Equation at Differing Altitudes
Introduction
Experimental Details
Calculation of Air Density for Buoyancy Correction
Measurements of Parameters in the Air Density Equation
Weighings
Conclusions
References
Density of Solid Objects
Development of a Density Scale Based on the Density of a Solid Object
Introduction
Apparatus
Principles of Use of the Submersible Balance
Measurements
Summary
Discussion
Determination of Density of Mass Standards; Requirement and Method
Introduction
Requirements
Principles and Applications
The Density of a Solid by Hydrostatic Weighing
The Force Detector
Air Density
Water Density
A General Algorithm for Hydrostatic Weighing
The General Hydrostatic Weighing Equations
Linearity Test and Correction
Analysis
Balance Selection
Data Results
Conclusions
Appendix 1--Liquid Density by Hydrostatic Weighing
Appendix 2--Glassware Calibration
An Efficient Method for Measuring the Density (or Volume) of Similar Objects
Introduction
The Requirement
The Method
The Measurement of Liquid Density
Error Analysis
Apparatus
Data
Conclusion
References
Calculation of the Density of Water
Introduction
Formulations of Wagenbreth and Blanke
Kell's Formulations
Density of Standard Mean Ocean Water
Isothermal Compressibility of Water
Conversion of IPTS-68 to ITS-90
Redeterminations of Water Density
Measurements of Patterson and Morris
Measurements of Watanabe
Measurements of Takenaka and Masui
Comparison of the Results for the Three Recent Formulations
Change in Density of Water with Air Saturation
Density of Air-Saturated Water on ITS-90
Compressibility-Corrected Water Density Equation
Effect of Isotopic Concentrations
Estimation of Uncertainty in Water Density Due to Variation in Isotopic Concentrations
Summary
References
Conventional Value of the Result of Weighing in Air
Introduction
Conventional Value of Weighing in Air
Examples of Computation
Discussion
Conclusions
References
A Comparison of Error Propagations for Mass and Conventional Mass
Conventional Value of the Result of Weighing in Air
Uncertainties in Mass Determinations
Uncertainties in the Determination of m Due to Uncertainties in the Parameters in Eq. (16.2)
Balance Standard Deviation
Application to R111
Comparisons of Weights
Comparison of a Stainless Steel E[subscript 1] Weight with a Stainless Steel Standard of Mass S and Density 7.950 g/cm[superscript 3]
Error Propagation for Conventional Value of Weighing in Air
Comparison of E[subscript 2] Weights with E[subscript 1] Weights
Maximum Permissible Errors on Verification
Uncertainty Trade-Offs
Summary
References
Examination of Parameters That Can Cause Error in Mass Determinations
Introduction
Mass Comparison
The Fundamental Mass Comparison Relationship
Uncertainties in the Determination of X Due to Uncertainties in the Parameters in Eq. (17.2)
Buoyancy
Thermal Equilibrium
Atmospheric Effects
Magnetic Effects
Instability of IPK
Cleaning
Conclusions
Discussion
References
Determination of the Mass of a Piston-Gauge Weight, Practical Uncertainty Limits
Introduction
Assignment of Mass
References
Response of Apparent Mass to Thermal Gradients and Free Convective Currents
Thermal Gradients
Introduction
Conclusions
Free Convective Currents
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Temperature Differences and Change of Apparent Mass of Weights
References
Magnetic Errors in Mass Metrology
Introduction
Magnetic Force
Application of a Magnetic Force Equation
References
Effect of Gravitational Configuration of Weights on Precision of Mass Measurements
Introduction
Magnitude of the Gravitational Configuration Effect
Significance of the Gravitational Configuration Correction
References
Between-Time Component of Error in Mass Measurements
Introduction
Experimental
Discussion
References
Laboratory Standard Operating Procedure and Weighing Practices
Introduction
Environmental Controls and Instrumentation
Balances
Mass Standards
Weight Cleaning
Weighing
Balance Problems
Balance Support
Loading Errors
Electronic Forces
Convection
Unnatural Pressure Variations
External Air Motion
Statistical Surveillance
Routine Bookkeeping
References
Control Charts
Introduction
Procedure
System Monitored
Check Standards
Frequency of Measurement
Types of Control Charts
X Control Chart
Initial Control Limits, X Chart
X Control Chart
Initial Control Limits, X Chart
Updating Control Charts
Interpretation of Control Chart Tests
References
Tolerance Testing of Mass Standards
Introduction
Prerequisites
Methodology
Scope, Precision, Accuracy
Summary
Apparatus/Equipment
Procedure--Option A, Use of Single-Pan Mechanical Balance
Procedure--Option B, Use of Full-Electronic Balance
Procedure--Option C, Use of Equal-Arm Balance
Tolerance Evaluation
Reference
Surveillance Testing
Introduction
Types of Surveillance Tests
Type I Test
Surveillance Limits
Surveillance Charts
Identification of Weights Whose Mass Has Changed
References
The Mass Unit Disseminated to Surrogate Laboratories Using the NIST Portable Mass Calibration Package
Introduction
Review
The Third Package
Hardware and Software
The Measurements
Data
Analysis
Conclusions
References
Highly Accurate Direct Mass Measurements without the Use of External Standards
Introduction
The Force Detector
Discussion of the Method
Uncertainties
Balance Selection
Determining the Estimate of Standard Deviation of the Balance
Linearity Test and Correction
Data
Discussion
Direction of Future Developments in Electronic Balances and Their Uses
References
The Piggyback Balance Experiment: An Illustration of Archimedes' Principle and Newton's Third Law
Introduction
The Piggyback Thought Balance Experiment
The Laboratory Experiment
Experimental Results
Conclusion
References
The Application of the Electronic Balance in High-Precision Pycnometry
Introduction
Pycnometer Calibration
Experimental Pycnometer Calibration
Apparatus
Air Density and Water Density
Analysis
Data
Discussion
References
Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing Course
Examination for "Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing" Course
Answers for Examination Questions for "Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing" Course
Appendix B
Maximum Permissible Errors (MPE), in mg
Minimum and Maximum Limits for Density of Weights ([rho subscript min], [rho subscript max])
Density and Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Pure Metals, Commercial Metals and Alloys
Linearity Test
Index

List price: $157.95
Edition: 2002
Publisher: C R C Press LLC
Binding: Trade Cloth
Pages: 336
Size: 7.00" wide x 10.00" long x 0.75" tall
Weight: 1.63 lbs.
Language: English

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