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Confocal Raman Microscopy
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Confocal Raman Microscopy

Dieing, Thomas; Hollricher, Olaf; Toporski, Jan
ISBN-10: 3642125212
ISBN-13: 9783642125218

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Confocal Raman Microscopy is a relatively new technique that allows chemical imaging without specific sample preparation. By integrating a sensitive Raman spectrometer within a state-of-the-art microscope, Raman microscopy with a spatial resolution down to 200nm laterally and 500nm vertically can be achieved using visible light excitation.
Recent developments in detector and computer technology as well as optimized instrument design have reduced integration times of Raman spectra by orders of magnitude, so that complete images consisting of tens of thousands of Raman spectra can be acquired in seconds or minutes rather than hours, which used to be standard just one decade ago. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader a comprehensive overview of the rapidly developing field of Confocal Raman Microscopy and its applications.
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High-Resolution Optical and Confocal Microscopy
Introduction
Introduction to Theoretical Considerations in High-Resolution Microscopy
Introduction to Confocal Microscopy
Electromagnetic Scattering in Optical Systems
3D-Intensity Distribution in the Focus
Large Aperture Angles
Transition to Small Aperture Angles
Theory of Image Formation
Microscope
Confocal Microscope
Confocal Raman Microscope
Image Formation for Light Scattering
Scattering Point
Reflection at a Mirror
Image Formation for Raman Scattering
Raman Emitting Point
Raman Emission of a Layer
Pinhole Size
References
Introduction to the Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy
Introduction
Classical Picture of Light Scattering
Frequency Dependence of Raman Scattering
Classical "Selection Rule" and Comparison to Ir Absorption
Scattered Raman Intensity
Shortfalls of the Classical Picture
Raman Cross-Section Enhancement Mechanisms
Resonant Raman Scattering
Advantages and Applications of Resonance Raman Scattering
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
References
Raman Instrumentation for Confocal Raman Microscopy
Introduction
The Development of Raman Microscopes
Confocality
Throughput of a Confocal Raman Microscope
Laser Wavelength
Excitation Power
Objective
Microscope Throughput
Coupling Between Microscope and Spectrometer
Spectrometer Throughput
Gratings
Ccd Detector
Conclusion
References
Software Requirements and Data Analysis in Confocal Raman Microscopy
Introduction
Requirements for Data Acquisition Software
Data Acquisition
Correlation of Spatial and Spectral Data
Description of the Data Sets Acquired in Confocal Raman Microscopy
Pre-processing of Raman Spectra
Cosmic Ray Removal
Smoothing
Background Substraction and Subtraction of Reference Spectra
Image Generation
Univariate Image Generation
Multivariate Image Generation
Image Masks and Selective Average Calculation
Combination of Single Spectra with Multi-spectral Data Sets
Basis Spectra
Fitting Procedure
Combination of Various Images
The Law of Numbers
Materials and Methods
References
Nano-spectroscopy of Individual Carbon Nanotubes and Isolated Graphene Sheets
Introduction
Individual Carbon Nanotubes
Phonons
Theory
Experiment
Microscopy
Thermography
Isolated Graphene Sheets
Theory
Experiment
Charge Distributions
Conclusion
References
Raman Spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Imaging in Mineralogy and Petrography
Introduction
Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging as a Mineralogy/Petrography Tool
Working with Thin Sections
Control of Laser Power
"Raman Mineralogy" Using Imaging Raman Techniques
Mineral Phase Imaging
Crystallographic Orientation Imaging
Phase Composition Imaging
Examples of "Raman Petrography" Applications
Raman Analysis of Shocked Minerals
Contextual Imaging of Carbonaceous Materials
Fluid Inclusions
Ancient Terrestrial Carbonaceous Materials
Raman Mineralogy in Field Geology. Studies
Extraterrestrial Exploration
Conclusion
References
Raman Micro-spectral Imaging of Cells and Intracellular Drug Delivery Using Nanocarrier Systems
Introduction
Method
Data Acquisition
Introduction to Data Processing Methods
Experimental
Results
Cell Imaging
Drug Delivery Systems
Discussion
References
Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
Introduction
Vibrational Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development
Chemical Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development
Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
Applications of Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
Practical Considerations
Investigation of Solid Dosage Forms by Chemical Imaging
Conclusions
Materials and Methods
References
Characterization of Therapeutic Coatings on Medical Devices
Background
Passive Therapeutic Coatings
Coating Thickness
Swelling of Hydrophilic Gel Coatings
Active Therapeutic Coatings
Coating Morphology
Drug Mixed with Single Polymer: Morphology and Elution
Drug Mixed with Two Polymers: Blending and Layering
Drug Mixed with Two Polymers: Exposure to Water
Drug Mixed with Biodegradable Polymer: Drug Elution with Polymer Degradation
Summary
References
Raman Imaging of Plant Cell Walls
Introduction
Plant Cell Walls
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Plant Fibers
Plant Cell Wall Imaging by Confocal Raman Microscopy
Imaging Cellulose Orientation and Lignin Distribution in Wooden Cell Walls
Silica and Cell Wall Composition in Horsetail
Outlook
Material and Methods
References
Confocal Raman Imaging of Polymeric Materials
Introduction
Raman Imaging of Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP)
Raman Imaging of Polymer Blends
Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend: Polystyrene (PS)-Ethyl-Hexyl-Acrylate (EHA)
Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend Ethyl-Hexyl-Acrylate (EHA)-Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Sbr)
Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend Ps-Eha-Sbr
Polymer Coatings
Acrylic Paints
Adhesives
Additives in Polymer Matrices
Summary
References
Stress Analysis by Means of Raman Microscopy
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Measuring in Conventional Back-Scattering Configuration
Off-Axis Raman Spectroscopy
Stress Tensor Analysis in Back-Scattering Raman Microscopy
Case Studies
3D Raman Spectroscopy Measurements
ZnO
The Influence of Stress on the Peak Position of Polymers
Discussion
References
Index

Edition: 2011
Publisher: Springer
Binding: Trade Cloth
Pages: 292
Size: 9.25" wide x 6.00" long x 0.50" tall
Weight: 1.30 lbs.
Language: English

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